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蓄電池是UPS供(gong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分,其優(you)劣直接關系(xi)到整個(ge)(ge)(ge)UPS供(gong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)可(ke)靠程度(du)，不管UPS設計的(de)多么(me)先(xian)進，功能多么(me)完備(bei)，一旦電(dian)池失(shi)效,再好的(de)UPS也無法提(ti)供(gong)不間斷供(gong)電(dian)。用戶千萬不要(yao)因貪圖便宜(yi)而選用劣質(zhi)電(dian)池,這樣會影響整個(ge)(ge)(ge)UPS系(xi)統(tong)的(de)可(ke)靠性,并(bing)能因此(ci)造成更大的(de)損失(shi)。 　　

蓄(xu)電池是整個UPS供電系統中平均(jun)無故障時間(MTBF)最薄弱的部分。如(ru)果能(neng)夠(gou)正確使(shi)用(yong)和維護,則能(neng)夠(gou)延長其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming),反之會使(shi)其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)會大大縮短。因此(ci),要了解(jie)蓄(xu)電池的基本(ben)原理(li)和使(shi)用(yong)注意事項。 　　

蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)種類一般可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電池(chi)(chi)、鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)免(mian)(mian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)電池(chi)(chi)及鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)等,考慮(lv)到負(fu)載條件(jian)、使用環境、使用壽命(ming)(ming)及成(cheng)本等因素,UPS一般選擇閥控式鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)免(mian)(mian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)電池(chi)(chi)。其主要(yao)特點是(shi)(shi)在(zai)充(chong)電時正極板(ban)上產生氧氣,通過再化合反(fan)(fan)應在(zai)負(fu)極板(ban)上還(huan)原成(cheng)水(shui),使用時在(zai)規定浮充(chong)壽命(ming)(ming)期內(nei)不(bu)必(bi)加水(shui)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu),因此又稱為(wei)(wei)免(mian)(mian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)。免(mian)(mian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)只是(shi)(shi)與(yu)普通蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比,使用過程中免(mian)(mian)去(qu)了(le)添加純水(shui)或蒸餾水(shui),調整電解液(ye)液(ye)面的(de)工(gong)作,并非免(mian)(mian)去(qu)一切維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)作。相(xiang)反(fan)(fan),為(wei)(wei)實現UPS的(de)不(bu)間(jian)斷供電,要(yao)更加細致地維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)和保(bao)養好(hao)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)免(mian)(mian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)。 　　

以下(xia)介紹一些影響電池使用壽(shou)命(ming)的主要因素和(he)使用過程中(zhong)應注意的事項: 　　

(1)環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)對電(dian)池(chi)的影響(xiang)較大(da),環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)過高,會使電(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)電(dian)產生氣體,環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)過低,則(ze)會使電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)不足,這都會響(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)的使用(yong)壽(shou)命。因此一(yi)般要求環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)25℃左右,UPS浮充(chong)電(dian)壓值也(ye)是按此溫(wen)度(du)來設定的。實際應用(yong)時,蓄電(dian)池(chi)一(yi)般在(zai)5℃～35℃范圍內進行充(chong)電(dian),低于5℃或高于35℃都會大(da)大(da)降低電(dian)池(chi)的容(rong)量,縮(suo)短使用(yong)壽(shou)命。 　　

(2)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)壽(shou)命的影響(xiang)也非常(chang)大，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)越深(shen),其循環使用(yong)次數(shu)就(jiu)越少,因此(ci)在使用(yong)時(shi)應避免深(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。雖然UPS都有(you)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)低電(dian)(dian)位保護功能，一般單節(jie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)至10.5V左(zuo)右時(shi)，UPS就(jiu)會(hui)自動關機(ji)，但是如(ru)果UPS處于輕載放(fang)電(dian)(dian)或空載放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的情況下，也會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的深(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。 　　

(3)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)存放、運輸、安裝過程中,會因(yin)(yin)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而失去部分容量(liang)(liang)。因(yin)(yin)此,在(zai)安裝后(hou)投入使(shi)用(yong)前,應根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)剩余容量(liang)(liang),然后(hou)采(cai)用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)方法(fa)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對備(bei)用(yong)擱置的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，每(mei)3個月應進行一次補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以(yi)通過測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)好壞，以(yi)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，若(ruo)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于(yu)12.5V,則表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲能還有(you)80%以(yi)上(shang)，若(ruo)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)12.5V，則應該立刻進行補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，若(ruo)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)12V，則表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能不(bu)到20%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)堪使(shi)用(yong)。 　　

(4)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般(ban)以C來(lai)表示,C的實際(ji)值與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)有(you)關(guan)。例(li)如(ru)100Ah的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池:C=100A。松下鉛(qian)酸免維護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的最佳充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為0.1C左右,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能大(da)于0.3C。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)或(huo)過(guo)小(xiao)都會影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使用(yong)壽(shou)命。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般(ban)要求在(zai)0.05～3C之間,UPS在(zai)正常(chang)使用(yong)中都能滿足此要求,但也要防(fang)止(zhi)意外情況的發生,如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路(lu)等。

(5)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,由(you)于UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)屬(shu)于備用(yong)(yong)工作方(fang)式(shi),市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常(chang)情況下處于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態,只有(you)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才會(hui)(hui)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming), UPS的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)一般采用(yong)(yong)恒壓限流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)控制,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后即(ji)轉為浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態,每節(jie)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設(she)置(zhi)為13.6V左右。如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高就會(hui)(hui)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),反之(zhi)會(hui)(hui)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓異常(chang),可能是由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)配置(zhi)錯誤(wu)引起,或(huo)因充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)故障造(zao)成(cheng),因此在安裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時(shi),一定要(yao)注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)規(gui)格(ge)和數量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)正(zheng)確性,不同規(gui)格(ge)、不同批(pi)號的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不要(yao)混(hun)用(yong)(yong)。外加(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不要(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)劣(lie)質充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),而且安裝時(shi)要(yao)考慮散熱問題。目前,為進(jin)一步提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming),先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)UPS都采用(yong)(yong)一種ABM(Advanced Battery Management)三(san)階段(duan)智能化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管理方(fang)案,即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分成(cheng)初始化充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和休(xiu)息三(san)個(ge)(ge)階段(duan):第(di)一階段(duan)是恒流(liu)均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到90%;第(di)二階段(duan)是浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到100%,然(ran)后停(ting)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);第(di)三(san)階段(duan)是自然(ran)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),在這個(ge)(ge)階段(duan)里,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)利用(yong)(yong)自身的(de)(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),一直(zhi)到規(gui)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下限,再重復上述的(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階段(duan)。這種方(fang)式(shi)改變(bian)了以前那種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后,仍使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處于一天24h的(de)(de)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態,因此延長(chang)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)。 　　

(6)免維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)由于(yu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)吸收式電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液系統,在正(zheng)常使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時不(bu)會產生(sheng)任何(he)氣體,但是(shi)如(ru)果用(yong)(yong)戶使(shi)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)當,造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian),就會產生(sheng)氣體,此時電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內壓就會增(zeng)大,會將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)上的壓力閥(fa)頂開,嚴重(zhong)時會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)爆裂。 　　

(7)UPS在運行過(guo)程中(zhong),要注(zhu)意監視蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值、浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值以(yi)及(ji)每只蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組及(ji)直流母線的對地電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)絕緣狀態。 　　

(8)不要單獨增加或減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組中幾(ji)個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的負荷,這將造成(cheng)單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量的不平衡和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的不均(jun)一(yi)性,降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用壽命。 　　

(9)電池應盡可能(neng)安(an)裝在清(qing)潔、陰涼、通風、干燥(zao)的地方,并(bing)要避免受到(dao)陽光、加熱器或其(qi)他輻(fu)射熱源的影響。電池應正立(li)放置,不可傾斜。每(mei)個電池間端(duan)子連接要牢固。 　　

(10)定(ding)期保養,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在使用一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)間后(hou)應進行定(ding)期檢查,如(ru)觀察其(qi)外觀是(shi)(shi)否異常、測量(liang)(liang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)(shi)否平均等;如(ru)果長(chang)期不(bu)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會一(yi)直(zhi)處(chu)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態,這樣會使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的活(huo)性變差,因此即使不(bu)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),UPS也需(xu)要(yao)定(ding)期進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗以便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)保持活(huo)性。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗一(yi)般(ban)可(ke)三(san)個月(yue)進行一(yi)次,做法是(shi)(shi)UPS帶載最(zui)好在50%以上,然后(hou)斷開(kai)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),使UPS處(chu)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態,放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持續(xu)時(shi)間視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)而言一(yi)般(ban)為幾分(fen)鐘(zhong)至(zhi)幾十分(fen)鐘(zhong),放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)恢復市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),繼續(xu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 　　

清楚影響鉛(qian)酸蓄電池使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命的(de)主(zhu)要因素和在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中應注(zhu)意的(de)事項,對(dui)在UPS系統中正確使(shi)(shi)用(yong)和維(wei)護鉛(qian)酸蓄電池有很大的(de)幫助。