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    一、UPS在有線電視系統中的應用

    由(you)于現有電(dian)(dian)(dian)力易產生諸(zhu)如(ru)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波動、突波、雜波干擾、頻率偏移及閃跳等現象，另(ling)外，意外的(de)自然災(zai)害或人為事故如(ru)地震(zhen)、雷擊、輸變電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)斷路(lu)或短(duan)路(lu)等，這些來自電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)故障，將(jiang)會對有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視系統(tong)(tong)(tong)造成諸(zhu)多不(bu)良影響，甚至將(jiang)直接導致有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視系統(tong)(tong)(tong)服務中斷。因(yin)此不(bu)間斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)越(yue)來越(yue)多地應用到CATV前端機房、千線(xian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)等地方。

    1．前端機房配(pei)置UPS

    前端(duan)機房(fang)(fang)是有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)系統的(de)(de)(de)心勝，為(wei)了(le)保證(zheng)其工(gong)作穩定(ding)，一般選擇三相(xiang)(xiang)輸人單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)輸出(chu)型。額定(ding)功率(lv)一般為(wei)l OkVA的(de)(de)(de)在線(xian)式(shi)UPS，它(ta)采用(yong)(yong)近年來(lai)推(tui)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)翼器(qi)件(jian)IGBT模塊(kuai)等，其外接蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組可以(yi)按(an)需自主增減，為(wei)UPS的(de)(de)(de)長延時奠定(ding)了(le)硬(ying)件(jian)基礎。這種UPS的(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路可以(yi)準(zhun)確反映設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行狀態及相(xiang)(xiang)關數據，同(tong)時具(ju)有強大(da)自診斷(duan)(duan)功能，能為(wei)衛星接收機組、調制(zhi)器(qi)組、光發射機組、網絡交換器(qi)等前端(duan)設備(bei)提(ti)供不間(jian)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)、高(gao)純(chun)凈(jing)度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。我(wo)縣前端(duan)機房(fang)(fang)霍沒有接UPS前，每當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺處(chu)跳閘停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，干線(xian)放大(da)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及前端(duan)信號便中(zhong)斷(duan)(duan)。即(ji)使(shi)市縣光纜傳(chuan)送(song)的(de)(de)(de)幾套節(jie)(jie)目有附帶(dai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)保障，也因為(wei)機房(fang)(fang)內(nei)調制(zhi)器(qi)等設備(bei)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)致節(jie)(jie)目中(zhong)斷(duan)(duan)，未停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)區域的(de)(de)(de)CATV用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)還是收不到有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)節(jie)(jie)目，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)非常(chang)不滿(man)。自從(cong)前端(duan)機房(fang)(fang)配置UPS后，即(ji)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺處(chu)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)節(jie)(jie)目仍能正常(chang)傳(chuan)送(song)，由此提(ti)高(gao)了(le)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)臺的(de)(de)(de)滿(man)意度。

    在一些開展了多(duo)功能交互業務的城市(shi)，對前端機房的電源系(xi)統的可靠性(xing)要求更高(gao)，一般可以采用熱備份連(lian)(lian)接或UPS并聯冗余(yu)連(lian)(lian)接。并聯連(lian)(lian)接的UPS系(xi)統不但提(ti)高(gao)了可靠性(xing)，而且也提(ti)高(gao)了帶載(zai)能力。

    2.野(ye)外(wai)有(you)線電(dian)視不(bu)(bu)間(jian)斷電(dian)源(yuan)《Cable UPS)有(you)線網絡中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)有(you)源(yuan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)地(di)處野(ye)外(wai)，電(dian)網電(dian)壓的(de)波動及日夜(ye)溫差較大(da)(da)，易(yi)使供(gong)電(dian)器、光接收(shou)機、放(fang)大(da)(da)器等設(she)備(bei)(bei)損壞，從而(er)造(zao)成(cheng)網絡中(zhong)斷及設(she)備(bei)(bei)維(wei)修費(fei)用(yong)的(de)增加。據統計，造(zao)成(cheng)CATV設(she)備(bei)(bei)損壞的(de)原(yuan)因中(zhong)有(you)45%0左右歸(gui)罪于電(dian)源(yuan)故障的(de)發生。因此(ci)，為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些設(she)備(bei)(bei)提供(gong)高質量、不(bu)(bu)間(jian)斷的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)尤為(wei)(wei)重要。近年(nian)來(lai)野(ye)外(wai)不(bu)(bu)間(jian)斷電(dian)源(yuan)逐(zhu)步得(de)到了廣泛的(de)應用(yong)。這(zhe)種被稱為(wei)(wei)有(you)線電(dian)視不(bu)(bu)間(jian)斷電(dian)源(yuan)(Cable UPS)的(de)最大(da)(da)特點是耐高溫、潮(chao)濕、寒(han)冷、風沙(sha)等不(bu)(bu)同的(de)惡劣環境，因此(ci)Cable UPS成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)證信(xin)號不(bu)(bu)中(zhong)斷的(de)必要設(she)施。Cable UPS與傳統UPS最大(da)(da)的(de)區別就在于選用(yong)了膠(jiao)體蓄電(dian)池作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)后備(bei)(bei)能(neng)源(yuan)，無需作(zuo)定期充放(fang)電(dian)維(wei)護。

    二、UPS的科(ke)學(xue)使用(yong)

    1.UPS額(e)定輸出容量的選(xuan)擇

    在(zai)(zai)確定(ding)(ding)UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)輸出容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)前，先要計(ji)(ji)算出負載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。有線(xian)電(dian)視系統(tong)一(yi)(yi)般選擇在(zai)(zai)線(xian)式UPS，其(qi)最(zui)佳(jia)帶載(zai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)應控制(zhi)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)額定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60%-70%之(zhi)間。例如我縣前端機(ji)房需(xu)要不間斷供電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)有衛星接(jie)收機(ji)組(zu)、調制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)、光發射機(ji)組(zu)、集(ji)中供電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、網絡(luo)交換器(qi)(qi)等，經計(ji)(ji)算總(zong)功(gong)(gong)率為(wei)(wei)5500VA，則5500VA- 70%a“7857VAo考慮網絡(luo)升級，需(xu)有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴充余地，于是(shi)我們按(an)主(zhu)機(ji)功(gong)(gong)率為(wei)(wei)lOkVA，即選擇一(yi)(yi)部IOkVA的(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳(jia)負載(zai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)6kVA -7kVA（不宜(yi)(yi)滿載(zai)也(ye)不宜(yi)(yi)過度輕載(zai)）。確定(ding)(ding)主(zhu)機(ji)功(gong)(gong)率后，還要合(he)理選擇輸人、輸出配線(xian)及空氣開關。

    2.蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)工(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)計算

    可以按(an)(an)下面的(de)公術來確定蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間：滿(man)載(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)他的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間＝（蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)容量x電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)）l（主機功率x0.7 )，其中0.7為(wei)(wei)功率因(yin)子。如(ru)我(wo)縣(xian)前端機房的(de)UPS系(xi)統：主機額定功率為(wei)(wei)IOkVA、兩組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（每(mei)組(zu)20節，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)12V/節、容量為(wei)(wei)100 Ah）并聯使用(yong)。即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)12Vx20=240 V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)容量為(wei)(wei)100Ahx2=200 Ah。算出(chu)該(gai)系(xi)統在(zai)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間為(wei)(wei)：（200A-1ix240V）／（lOkVAx0.7）6.86小時(shi)(shi)(shi)，這是(shi)按(an)(an)系(xi)統滿(man)載(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)算的(de)。而按(an)(an)實際負載(zai)計算：（200 Ah x240V)/5500VA } 8.73小時(shi)(shi)(shi)，即UPS系(xi)統在(zai)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)最多能(neng)堅持8.73小時(shi)(shi)(shi)。

    3.其他注(zhu)意(yi)事(shi)項

    1)要選用過(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強的(de)(de)UPS.過(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)越(yue)強，在(zai)啟動非線性負(fu)載(zai)時就越(yue)不容易轉旁路，對負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)保護就越(yue)可靠(kao)。即當(dang)輸出(chu)端(duan)有一般性的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)載(zai)或啟動浪(lang)涌電流沖(chong)擊時，能(neng)依靠(kao)逆變器本身的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)來承擔短(duan)時間的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)載(zai)電流，提(ti)高UPS的(de)(de)可靠(kao)性。

    2)為了(le)保證蓄電(dian)池能(neng)得到高效(xiao)、充分利(li)用(yong)，應選(xuan)用(yong)具有恒流充電(dian)特性(xing)的充電(dian)器。

    3)由于(yu)感(gan)性負載（如電視屏(ping)幕(mu)墻等(deng)）瞬間(jian)啟動電流大，盡量不要(yao)接到UPS上。停(ting)電時(shi)應盡量只保留(liu)必要(yao)的(de)關鍵設備，因為電池供電時(shi)間(jian)的(de)長短是與(yu)負載量的(de)大小密切(qie)相關的(de)。

    三、UPS的日常維護(hu)

    為提高有(you)線電(dian)視(shi)系統(tong)的可靠(kao)性(xing)，除應正確選用UPS外，還(huan)要(yao)認(ren)真做好日常維(wei)(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作。技術的成(cheng)熟使UPS 電(dian)氣部分的維(wei)(wei)護(hu)量極小，主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的維(wei)(wei)護(hu)。電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi) UPS的重要(yao)支(zhi)柱，也是(shi)(shi)UPS系統(tong)中較為薄弱(ruo)的環節，在(zai)UPS的故障中有(you)很(hen)大比例是(shi)(shi)由(you)于電(dian)池(chi)問(wen)題引(yin)起的。電(dian)池(chi)性(xing)能(neng)的好壞將直接影響到UPS系統(tong)的可靠(kao)性(xing)。盡管使用的是(shi)(shi)免維(wei)(wei)護(hu)電(dian)池(chi)，但一(yi)定的維(wei)(wei)護(hu)是(shi)(shi)相當必要(yao)的。‘日常工(gong)作中除每日記錄(lu)UPS及充電(dian)器面(mian)板上的數據，還(huan)應注意以下幾點：

    1.浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的設置(zhi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的壽命(ming)具有(you)相當的影響。人為提高(gao)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)有(you)害(hai)無益(yi)。實驗證明，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)設置(zhi)偏高(gao)或偏低(di)均會(hui)使(shi)其壽命(ming)顯著降低(di)。浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)高(gao)，會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)極腐蝕，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中的水被大量分解為氫和(he)氧(yang)溢出(chu)，造(zao)成容量下降甚至損壞；浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低(di)，會(hui)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極硫酸鹽化(hua)。浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應嚴格按廠家(jia)說明書來設定。定期在線測量各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，當各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壓(ya)差過(guo)大時(shi)，要進(jin)行均充。

    2.如果(guo)長時間(jian)不(bu)(bu)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應每間(jian)隔3個月(yue)左右關閉市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，讓UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池對負(fu)(fu)載(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次，以(yi)保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)活性。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池如果(guo)長期沒(mei)有放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)僅會因硫化而降低容(rong)量(liang)，還會造成UPS省池瞬間(jian)不(bu)(bu)能輸出足夠(gou)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使(shi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。一般人為(wei)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)只(zhi)需放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de) 30%-50％即可。在放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)應避免過大(da)或極小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)得低干蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)實(shi)際(ji)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)計算(suan)則人為(wei)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)應控制(zhi)為(wei)：（30%-50％）x電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)額定容(rong)量(liang)：實(shi)際(ji)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)量(liang)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期間(jian)要做好測(ce)試記錄，供日后比對。

    3.蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命與日常維(wei)護及正確使(shi)用有相(xiang)當(dang)大的(de)關系(xi)，如我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)與鄰縣(xian)(xian)同(tong)時開通(tong)市縣(xian)(xian)光纜(lan)節目，所配置的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)也一樣(yang)。鄰縣(xian)(xian)不管停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)時間長短(duan)均任其放電(dian)(dian)，導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在短(duan)時間即徹底損壞。我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)機房對溫度、濕(shi)度嚴(yan)格控制，加之(zhi)技術(shu)人(ren)員盡(jin)心維(wei)護，直(zhi)到(dao)現在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)仍運行良好。有一次(ci)由于停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)時間長，一時疏忽造成(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)過度，致使(shi)復(fu)電(dian)(dian)后蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)不進電(dian)(dian)現象。技術(shu)人(ren)員慎重(zhong)地將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓慢慢提高著充(chong)(chong)，一段時間后充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流終于逐漸上(shang)升，這時才將電(dian)(dian)壓調至正常值繼續充(chong)(chong)，直(zhi)到(dao)充(chong)(chong)滿。