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儲能被達沃斯經濟論壇評為未來可能改變世界的十大新技術之一，儲能電池是儲能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)發和應用最活躍的領域。目前儲能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術(shu)發展很快，一旦(dan)取得突破，將(jiang)對(dui)新能(neng)源發展、電(dian)網運(yun)行控制、終端(duan)用能(neng)方(fang)式(shi)等產生重大影響。未(wei)來儲能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術(shu)將(jiang)在新一代(dai)電(dian)力系(xi)統中實(shi)現廣泛應用。

新型儲能電池技術成為當前研發的熱點和技術前沿

現有商用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)包括鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳氫/鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉(na)硫/鎳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)等(deng)，這些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)成熟，已廣泛應用在(zai)電(dian)動汽車、手機、筆記本電(dian)腦、風電(dian)場(chang)儲(chu)能系統、電(dian)網(wang)調頻、分(fen)布式電(dian)源和微網(wang)等(deng)領域。

目前(qian)，處(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)商用和示范應(ying)用、實驗(yan)室(shi)研發(fa)或概(gai)念設(she)計階(jie)段的(de)新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)超過30種。其中，已(yi)示范應(ying)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)包括三元材(cai)料鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、全釩/鋅(xin)溴液流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鉛碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng);處(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)實驗(yan)室(shi)研發(fa)階(jie)段的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)包括石墨烯/鋰硫(liu)/鋰空等(deng)(deng)(deng)新(xin)一(yi)代鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、半固態/無薄(bo)膜等(deng)(deng)(deng)新(xin)一(yi)代液流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋁/鋅(xin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)金(jin)屬(shu)空氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鈉/鎂離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、液態金(jin)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng);石墨烯超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、雙碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、納(na)米微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、有機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)概(gai)念設(she)計階(jie)段。這些新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)已(yi)經成為當前(qian)研發(fa)的(de)熱點和技術(shu)(shu)(shu)前(qian)沿，未來有望大幅提升儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)(neng)，推動(dong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大規(gui)模應(ying)用。

半固(gu)態(tai)液流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)結合了鋰(li)(li)離子和液流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)，將在(zai)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和功率密(mi)度(du)、縮小(xiao)體積(ji)、降低成(cheng)本方面(mian)(mian)實現質的(de)(de)(de)飛躍。目(mu)前(qian)美(mei)國麻省理工大學已(yi)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)出半固(gu)態(tai)液流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)達到(dao)250瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克，比目(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)液流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)提(ti)高(gao)10倍(bei)以上，成(cheng)本僅(jin)100至(zhi)250美(mei)元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，比目(mu)前(qian)降低70%以上。石墨(mo)烯(xi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以高(gao)導電(dian)(dian)性、質量(liang)(liang)(liang)超輕的(de)(de)(de)石墨(mo)烯(xi)為材料，利用鋰(li)(li)離子可(ke)在(zai)石墨(mo)烯(xi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)和電(dian)(dian)極之間(jian)快速(su)穿梭運動的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性，將充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)縮短至(zhi)分(fen)鐘(zhong)級。西班(ban)牙Graphenano公(gong)司和科爾瓦(wa)(wa)多大學共同研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)出全(quan)球首例電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)石墨(mo)烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)只(zhi)需8分(fen)鐘(zhong)，續航里程(cheng)達到(dao)1000公(gong)里。鋰(li)(li)硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)理論能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)可(ke)達2600瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克，是傳統(tong)鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)8至(zhi)10倍(bei)。美(mei)國Polyplus公(gong)司、德國弗朗霍夫材料與光束研(yan)(yan)究所研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)已(yi)達到(dao)420瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克、600瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以空(kong)氣為正(zheng)極、鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)為負極，通(tong)過鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)與氧氣發(fa)(fa)生化學反應釋放出能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)在(zai)理論上可(ke)達8100瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克，居(ju)各種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)之首。以色列(lie)Phinergy公(gong)司已(yi)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)出專供電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)使用的(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)空(kong)氣試驗電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度(du)超過800瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)/千(qian)(qian)克，續航里程(cheng)達到(dao)1600公(gong)里。

鋰離子和液流電池有望成為未來儲能電池的主流技術

鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是當前最(zui)(zui)受關注(zhu)的(de)儲能(neng)技(ji)術，據美國(guo)能(neng)源部(bu)統(tong)計，至2016年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底，美國(guo)、日本、歐盟和(he)中國(guo)儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)全球總(zong)裝(zhuang)機的(de)94%，其中電(dian)(dian)(dian)化儲能(neng)示(shi)范(fan)數(shu)量近百項，項目數(shu)占(zhan)比(bi)為53%。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲能(neng)示(shi)范(fan)項目數(shu)中，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所(suo)占(zhan)比(bi)重最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)，達到48%，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲能(neng)中位(wei)列(lie)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)。未來(lai)，新一代鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)術將對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安全性、能(neng)量密度、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)等(deng)指標帶來(lai)根本性的(de)改變(bian)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調峰調頻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)、商用/家用儲能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)等(deng)領域具(ju)有廣闊的(de)應(ying)用前景。

液(ye)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)容量(liang)大(da)、成(cheng)本(ben)低的(de)優(you)勢(shi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)建成(cheng)10萬千瓦級以上(shang)、經濟可靠的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，為提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度(du)控制(zhi)靈(ling)活性、大(da)規模發展(zhan)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)提供重要支撐。在大(da)型能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)基地、中樞變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、負荷(he)中心(xin)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)末(mo)端(duan)等(deng)地區建設投運儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)提供調峰(feng)、調頻、調壓等(deng)多(duo)種輔助服務，在保持發用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平衡(heng)、緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)局部(bu)阻(zu)塞(sai)、應對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)緊急事故等(deng)方面發揮(hui)重要作用(yong)。在新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)基地配置大(da)容量(liang)液(ye)流(liu)(liu)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)有(you)效平抑新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力波動，靈(ling)活跟蹤發電(dian)(dian)(dian)計劃曲線，促進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)為主力電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。

綜合國際可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)署、國際能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)署等機構的(de)判斷(duan)，2030年(nian)左右鋰離子(zi)和(he)液(ye)流電池(chi)(chi)(chi)將突(tu)破技術(shu)瓶頸(jing)，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)整體性(xing)能(neng)(neng)得到(dao)全面提升，成(cheng)為最具大規模(mo)商用前景的(de)主流電池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)，占全球儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)的(de)比例將超(chao)過50%，極大推動(dong)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)的(de)發展(zhan)和(he)應(ying)用。

多種儲能電池技術創新發展將在新一代電力系統中發揮重要作用

隨著未來多種(zhong)電(dian)池儲能(neng)技術發展和廣泛(fan)(fan)應(ying)用，儲能(neng)電(dian)池將應(ying)用到電(dian)力系統(tong)“發、輸(shu)、配(pei)、用、調”的(de)各個環節(jie)，有(you)可能(neng)改(gai)變(bian)現有(you)電(dian)力系統(tong)生(sheng)產、運(yun)輸(shu)和使用方式，助力傳統(tong)電(dian)力系統(tong)向“廣泛(fan)(fan)互聯、智(zhi)能(neng)互動(dong)、靈活柔性、安全可控”的(de)新一代(dai)電(dian)力系統(tong)轉(zhuan)型。

在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池、液流電(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)支(zhi)撐新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)發(fa)展重要(yao)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)技術，推動新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)新(xin)一代(dai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)主力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。截(jie)至(zhi)(zhi)2017年(nian)年(nian)底，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)并(bing)網容量(liang)(liang)(liang)合計(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)2.93億千瓦，占(zhan)(zhan)全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)的(de)比(bi)重達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)17%。未來我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)還將(jiang)加快大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)發(fa)展。根(gen)據(ju)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家非化石能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展目(mu)標(biao)(biao)、碳減排目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，考慮在(zai)水電(dian)(dian)和核電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)放緩情景下，2030年(nian)年(nian)底全國(guo)(guo)(guo)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)至(zhi)(zhi)少要(yao)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)8.8億千瓦，是2016年(nian)年(nian)底新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)3.5倍左右，占(zhan)(zhan)全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)重達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)30%左右。未來，高比(bi)例(li)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)一代(dai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)主要(yao)特征，如何(he)駕馭大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網運行(xing)需要(yao)大(da)幅提升電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統靈(ling)活性(xing)。鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池、液流電(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)在(zai)短時大(da)功率(lv)輸(shu)出(chu)、響應(ying)速度快等(deng)性(xing)能(neng)方(fang)面實現(xian)進一步突破(po)，有效平抑大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)波(bo)動，靈(ling)活跟(gen)蹤發(fa)電(dian)(dian)計(ji)(ji)劃出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)曲線，實現(xian)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)可(ke)觀、可(ke)測、可(ke)控。

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)，液流電(dian)(dian)池作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)大(da)容量電(dian)(dian)網(wang)級儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)備受青睞，可為(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)提供多種輔助服務(wu)，增強電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度控(kong)制的靈活(huo)性和(he)安(an)全(quan)性。液流電(dian)(dian)池具有循環壽(shou)命長、容量大(da)、響應速度快、安(an)全(quan)性高(gao)的技術優勢，未(wei)來有望代替目前已投運的鋰離子儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，發展(zhan)成為(wei)10萬千瓦及(ji)以上的電(dian)(dian)網(wang)級儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，提供調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻(pin)、調(diao)壓等(deng)多種輔助服務(wu)，在(zai)發用電(dian)(dian)不平衡調(diao)劑、應對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)緊急事故中發揮作(zuo)(zuo)用。同(tong)(tong)時，在(zai)大(da)型能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源基地(di)(di)周邊(bian)、中樞(shu)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、負(fu)荷中心、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)末(mo)端等(deng)地(di)(di)區建設(she)大(da)容量液流儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠充分(fen)發揮不同(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)域儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)緩(huan)解局部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)阻塞(sai)、促進電(dian)(dian)力平衡中的重要作(zuo)(zuo)用。

在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)(jiang)成為(wei)推(tui)動分布(bu)式小型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)發展的主流技術(shu)，新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)作為(wei)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的補(bu)充配(pei)合(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。未來(lai)(lai)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)進一(yi)步突破，能(neng)(neng)量密度(du)將(jiang)(jiang)接(jie)近600瓦時/千克，續航能(neng)(neng)力超過(guo)500公(gong)里，比目前提(ti)高一(yi)倍左右(you);充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間將(jiang)(jiang)縮短至30分鐘(zhong)以內(nei)，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命達到15年，滿足(zu)小型分布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)、移動式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的性能(neng)(neng)要求。新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)配(pei)合(he)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共同在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)、家用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)等領(ling)域實現融合(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。未來(lai)(lai)，分布(bu)式光儲(chu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)潛(qian)力較(jiao)大，部分用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求小、對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網依賴性不強的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，出于經(jing)濟(ji)利(li)益考慮，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)選(xuan)擇分布(bu)式光儲(chu)系統(tong)獨(du)立供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，美(mei)國夏威夷已經(jing)出現了用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)選(xuan)擇“分布(bu)式光儲(chu)+電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網”供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式。