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蓄電池的檢查和維護

　　蓄電(dian)池的(de)維護工作(zuo)必不可少，無論是(shi)人工操(cao)作(zuo)維護，還是(shi)自動監控管理，都是(shi)為了及時檢(jian)測出個別電(dian)池的(de)異(yi)常故障(zhang)或影(ying)響電(dian)池充放電(dian)性能的(de)設備系統故障(zhang)，積(ji)極采取(qu)糾正措施，確保電(dian)源系統穩定可靠地運(yun)行(xing)。蓄電(dian)池的(de)檢(jian)查維護分為日(ri)常維護、季度(du)維護和年度(du)維護。

1日常維護

1

保(bao)證電池表面(mian)清潔干燥；

2

經(jing)常注意(yi)電池(chi)系(xi)統的環境溫度及電池(chi)外觀(guan)的變化；

3

經常(chang)檢查蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)線浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓（終端總(zong)電(dian)(dian)壓），并與面板顯(xian)示對照(zhao)，必(bi)要時(shi)加以校正；

4

保(bao)證電(dian)池柜(ju)或電(dian)池室的(de)清潔，通風或者(zhe)照明(ming)良好。

2季度維護

1

目測檢查電(dian)池外(wai)表(biao)面(mian)的清潔度，外(wai)殼和蓋的完好情(qing)況，電(dian)池外(wai)觀(guan)有無鼓包變(bian)形等變(bian)化，電(dian)池有無過熱痕跡；

2

每季度在電池系(xi)統(tong)的統(tong)一檢測(ce)點，檢測(ce)記錄蓄電池系(xi)統(tong)的環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度和可(ke)代(dai)表系(xi)統(tong)的平均溫(wen)(wen)度，當溫(wen)(wen)度低于或高于25℃時，應(ying)調(diao)節溫(wen)(wen)度控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)，如沒有安裝溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)，應(ying)對浮充(chong)電壓進行調(diao)整；

3

在電(dian)池(chi)端測量并(bing)記錄浮充總電(dian)壓，與(yu)面板電(dian)表顯(xian)示值對(dui)照，如(ru)有差異及時查(cha)找原因加(jia)以(yi)糾正；

4

測量并記錄(lu)系統中每只電(dian)池的(de)浮充電(dian)壓(ya)，正常(chang)情況(kuang)下應該在(zai)一定范(fan)圍內波動(dong)，如(ru)發現異常(chang)，找出原因加以糾正；

5

做恢復性(xing)放電(dian)(dian)試驗，用(yong)假(jia)負(fu)載或實(shi)際負(fu)載放電(dian)(dian)，即(ji)切斷(duan)供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian)。發現個(ge)別電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)(rong)量偏低后(hou)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)均衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)，經均衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)仍不能恢復容(rong)(rong)量的，要將(jiang)容(rong)(rong)量過低的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)換掉。

3年度維護

1

重復季度維護所有內容；

2

檢(jian)查所有電池(chi)間的連(lian)接點(dian)并確保連(lian)接緊固可靠；

3

隨意抽取幾只電池(chi)進行內(nei)阻測試，由于(yu)電池(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻與其容(rong)量無線性關系，因此電池(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻不能(neng)用來(lai)直(zhi)接(jie)表示(shi)電池(chi)的(de)準確容(rong)量，但電池(chi)內(nei)阻可作為電池(chi)"健康"狀(zhuang)態好(hao)壞(huai)的(de)指示(shi)信號(hao)。

影響蓄(xu)電池壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)幾個(ge)因(yin)素

1

深度放電

　　放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)對蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命影響很大(da)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)如果經常深(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)，循(xun)環壽命將縮短。因為同一(yi)額定容量的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)深(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)就意味著經常采用(yong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)或經常處于(yu)(yu)欠壓狀(zhuang)態又不能(neng)(neng)及(ji)時(shi)進行(xing)再(zai)充電(dian)(dian)，產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽顆粒大(da)，極(ji)板活性物質不能(neng)(neng)被充分利用(yong)，長期下去蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)實(shi)際容量將逐漸減小，影響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正常工作。由(you)于(yu)(yu)太陽能(neng)(neng)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統一(yi)般(ban)不太容易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)過充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，所以長期處于(yu)(yu)虧電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態是太陽能(neng)(neng)光(guang)伏系(xi)(xi)統中蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)失效(xiao)和(he)壽命縮短的(de)(de)主要(yao)原因。

2

放電速率

　　一般規(gui)定(ding)(ding)20小(xiao)(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率的(de)(de)容(rong)量為蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量。若使用(yong)低(di)于規(gui)定(ding)(ding)小(xiao)(xiao)時的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率，則可得到高于額(e)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量；若使用(yong)高于規(gui)定(ding)(ding)小(xiao)(xiao)時的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率，所(suo)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)容(rong)量要比蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量小(xiao)(xiao)，同時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率也(ye)影響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流優先分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)離主體(ti)溶液最近的(de)(de)表面上(shang)，導致在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)表面形成(cheng)硫(liu)酸鉛而堵住多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)內部。在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，上(shang)述問(wen)題(ti)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)突(tu)出，所(suo)以(yi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流變大，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)給(gei)出的(de)(de)容(rong)量也(ye)就越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)，端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)下降(jiang)速(su)度加(jia)(jia)快，即放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)隨著放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)增(zeng)大而降(jiang)低(di)。但另一方(fang)面，也(ye)并非放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率越(yue)低(di)越(yue)好，有研究表明長期太小(xiao)(xiao)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率會(hui)因硫(liu)酸鉛分(fen)子生(sheng)成(cheng)量顯著地增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，產生(sheng)應(ying)力(li)造成(cheng)極(ji)板(ban)彎曲和活性物質脫落，也(ye)會(hui)降(jiang)低(di)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命(ming)。

3

外界溫度過高

　　蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的額(e)定容量是指(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在25℃時(shi)的數值，一般認為(wei)閥控(kong)密封式(shi)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的工(gong)作(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)在20~30℃范圍內工(gong)作(zuo)較為(wei)理想(xiang)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過(guo)低(di)時(shi)，表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量減小，因為(wei)在低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)條件下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液不能很好地(di)與(yu)極板的活性(xing)物(wu)質充分(fen)反(fan)應。容量減少將不能滿足預(yu)期(qi)的后備(bei)使用時(shi)間和保持(chi)在規定的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)內，很容易造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的外部參數來(lai)看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)有(you)很大關系(xi)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)每升(sheng)高1℃，單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降下(xia)(xia)降3mV。也(ye)就是說，鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓具有(you)負(fu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)系(xi)數，其值為(wei)-3mV/℃。同樣的道理，環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高容易造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)還會帶來(lai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)失(shi)水、熱失(shi)控(kong)現(xian)(xian)象。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)是影響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)正常工(gong)作(zuo)的一個主要因素，在太(tai)陽能光伏系(xi)統中，一般都要求(qiu)控(kong)制器具有(you)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補償功能。

4

局部放電

5

高溫存儲

（注：文章(zhang)來源UPS應(ying)用網）